Manejo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes en atención primaria / Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents and young adults in primary care

La prevalencia de la diabetes tipo 2 diagnosticada en la infancia/juventud está aumentando y se caracteriza por una disminución acelerada de la función de las células beta pancreáticas y resistencia a la insulina. Los principales factores de riesgo para su desarrollo son obesidad e inactividad física. Los criterios diagnósticos son similares a los utilizados en adultos, aunque la HbA1c como método diagnóstico está cuestionada. Las complicaciones son más agresivas que en la diabetes tipo 2 del adulto, siendo la nefropatía la más frecuente. Las complicaciones macrovasculares aparecen precozmente y su mortalidad es elevada. La alimentación saludable y el ejercicio físico continuado son los pilares básicos del tratamiento, y la metformina, insulina y liraglutide (aprobado por la FDA en Estados Unidos) las opciones farmacológicas con indicación en esta población. Es importante establecer modelos de transición de la atención pediátrica a la atención adulta para garantizar la continuidad asistencial y evitar pérdidas en el seguimiento de estos pacientes

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2) diagnosed in childhood and adolescence is currently increasing, and is characterised by a rapidly progressive decline in beta-cells and insulin resistance. Physical inactivity and obesity are the main risk factors for its development. Diagnostic criteria are similar to those used in adults, although HbA1c as a diagnostic method is questioned. Diabetes-related complications are more aggressive than in adults. Diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent complication in the young population and macrovascular complications appear early, leading to high mortality rates. Healthy lifestyles are the basis of the treatment, and metformin, insulin and liraglutide (approved by FDA for its use in the United States) are the pharmacological options indicated in this population. It is important to establish models of health care transition from paediatric to adult care to ensure continuity of care and avoid patient disengagements

Predictors of primary and secondary sexual abstinence among never-married youth in urban poor Accra, Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Sexual abstinence is a key component of the strategy to address unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections and HIV among youth in sub-Sahara Africa. But contextual pressures make abstaining from sex a formidable task for urban poor youth in the sub-region. Nevertheless, some youth in these settings still manage to resist the pressure to initiate sex early, while others choose abstinence after an initial sexual debut. Few studies in the sub-region have examined sexual abstinence among urban poor youth. We therefore examined the factors that predict primary and secondary sexual abstinence among youth in urban poor Accra. The findings highlight the protective factors associated with sexual intercourse and should help to address the needs of youth at risk of unprotected sex. METHODS: The study analysed pooled data from two rounds of the Urban Health and Poverty Survey. The surveys analysed were conducted in 2011 and 2013. The analysis was restricted to unmarried youth between age 20 and 24 years. The total sample comprised 235 female and male youth. We conducted multinomial logistic regression analysis to examine the predictors of primary and secondary abstinence relative to current sexual intercourse. RESULTS: The results showed that being female, sexual communication with only fathers, sexual communication with only friends and slum residence were negatively associated with primary sexual abstinence. Contrarily, being in school, attaching importance to religion, residing in a household that received social support and sexual communication with both parents were positively associated with primary abstinence. Regarding secondary abstinence, only the sexual communication variables had significant effects. Sexual communication with both parents positively predicted secondary abstinence while communication with fathers-only and friends-only had a negative effect. CONCLUSION: Sexual abstinence is predicted by factors which range from individual through household factors to the locality of residence. Despite the importance of all the predictors, the study found that sexual communication with both parents was the only factor that predicted a higher likelihood of both primary and secondary sexual abstinence. We therefore recommend sexual communication between parents and youth as a key strategy for promoting sexual abstinence among urban poor youth in Accra, Ghana.

Reconstrução mamária em mulheres jovens e suas peculiaridades / Breast reconstruction in young women and their peculiarities

Introdução: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as principais características e métodos utilizados na reconstrução mamária de mulheres jovens, considerando suas peculiaridades. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão retrospectiva dos prontuários das pacientes submetidas à mastectomia seguida de reconstrução mamária no período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2015, sendo selecionados aqueles cuja reconstrução foi realizada em mulheres de até 40 anos de idade. Resultados: 43 pacientes foram selecionadas. A média de idade foi de 33,86 anos. Grande parte possuía alguma comorbidade, sendo as mais comuns o sobrepeso e o transtorno ansioso/depressivo. Quatorze pacientes tinham história familiar da doença. A maioria obteve o diagnóstico de carcinoma ductal invasor. Tratamentos oncológicos complementares foram realizados em grande parte dos casos. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas à mastectomia total na mama portadora da neoplasia, sendo que em 16 houve a opção pela mastectomia redutora de risco contralateral. Do total de 43 reconstruções, 36 foram imediatas e 7 tardias; sendo 17 reconstruídos com implantes mamários, 13 com expansores teciduais, 4 com TRAM e 9 com GD. Houve 15 complicações, sendo as mais graves um caso de infecção com perda da reconstrução e um caso de necrose de aréola. Conclusões: Mulheres jovens submetidas à reconstrução mamária representam um subgrupo populacional com características próprias. Os padrões tumorais, pessoais e sociais diferem e, com base nesta imensa lista de variáveis, as possibilidades de tratamento são diversas. Em nossa casuística, o emprego de implantes mamários e expansores teciduais foi realizado com maior frequência neste subgrupo de pacientes.

Introduction: To evaluate the main features and methods used in breast reconstruction in young women considering their unique characteristics. Methods: A retrospective records review of patients who underwent mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction between January 2008 and December 2015 was conducted, selecting those reconstructions that were performed in women younger than 40 years. Results: Forty-three patients were selected. The average age was 33.86 years. Many had some comorbidities, the most common being overweight and anxiety/ depressive disorder. Fourteen patients had a family history of the disease. Most were diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. Additional cancer treatments were administered in most cases. All patients underwent a full mastectomy in the breast with cancer, and in 16, there was the option of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy. Of the 43 reconstructions, 36 were immediate and 7 were delayed, and 17 involved use of implants, 13 involved use of tissue expanders, 4 involved the TRAM, and 9 involved the GD. We observed 15 complications; the most severe were infection with reconstruction loss in one patient and areola necrosis in another. Conclusions: Young women undergoing breast reconstruction represent a population subgroup with its own characteristics. The tumors and personal and social patterns differ, and based on this long list of variables, treatment options are diverse. In our series, breast implants and tissue expanders were often most used.

¿Quiénes son y qué hacen los jóvenes de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires? / Who are and what do the young people of the City of Buenos Aires do?

En el presente trabajo, se partió de los interrogantes: ¿Quiénes son y qué hacen los jóvenes de la Ciudad? y ¿Existe transmisión intergeneracional de oportunidades en los jóvenes de la Ciudad?, buscando identificar las diferentes situaciones y describir sus rasgos más distintivos. El objetivo del informe es analizar el comportamiento de tres grupos etarios de jóvenes residentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. El universo está formado por los nacidos entre 1984 y 1998, o sea jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 29 años, que, en 2013, concentran el 23% de la población de la Ciudad. Se contempló un concepto de generación que no solo la define como mera cercanía de edad, sino que introduce las vivencias de carácter macrosocial que acuerdan principios compartidos de visión de la vida, del contexto y, por ende, de valores comunes (Simón, 2007). Considerando esas referencias macrosociales, se analizaron las diferencias en sus actitudes frente a la vida, su capital educativo y la influencia de sus padres en la transmisión intergeneracional del capital educacional y de oportunidades en general. El análisis es de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, utilizando como fuente de datos la Encuesta Anual de Hogares de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires del año 2013 (EAH 2013). (AU)

Composição corporal de jovens e idosas eutróficas e com sobrepeso avaliada pelo método óxido de deutério e diferentes equações antropométricas / Evaluation of body composition of eutrophic young women and eutrophic and overweight elderly women using the deuterium oxide method and different anthropometric equations

Objetivo: Avaliar o percentual de gordura corporal, a massa gorda e a massa magra de mulheres jovens eutróficas e idosas eutróficas e com sobrepeso/obesas, pelo método antropométrico (equações generalizadas e específicas) e óxido de deutério, e verificar o coeficiente de concordância entre as equações utilizadas com o método óxido de deutério usado como referência.Métodos: Participaram do estudo 48 voluntárias (15 jovens eutróficas, 18 idosas eutróficas e 15 idosas com sobrepeso), com idade entre 18 e 75 anos. O peso corporal foi mensurado usando balança digital e a altura, um estadiômetro em barra vertical. A composição corporal foi avaliada por equações antropométricas e pelo método de óxido de deutério (2H2O). Para análise dos dados usou-se a estatística descritiva, o teste t Student, coeficiente de concordância de Lin e o gráfico de Bland e Altman.Resultados: A média de idade e índice de massa corporal para jovens eutróficas foi de 25,6±3,7 anos e 20,9±2,2 kg/m2, para idosas eutróficas, 69,1±3,6 anos e 23,8±1,8 kg/m2, e para idosas com sobrepeso/obesas, 69,6±3,0 anos e 32,6±2,6 kg/m2. Os melhores coeficientes de concordância entre as equações antropométricas e óxido de deutério para a massa gorda foram: jovens, Deutério versus Sloan - 0,70; idosas eutróficas, Deutério versus Jackson - 0,89; e idosas com sobrepeso, Deutério versus Deurenberg - 0,77.Conclusão: As equações que apresentaram melhor concordância para massa gorda, massa magra e porcentagem de gordura com o óxido de deutério foram: Sloan para as mulheres jovens; Jackson e Durnin & Wormersley para as idosas eutróficas e Deurenberg e Visser para as idosas com sobrepeso/obesas.

Objective: To evaluate the body fat percentage and body lean and fat mass of eutrophic young women and eutrophic and overweight/obese elderly women using anthropometry (generalized and specific equations) and deuterium oxide and to define the concordance coefficient between the equations and the deuterium oxide method (reference).Methods: Forty eight volunteers (15 eutrophic young women, 18 eutrophic elderly women, and 15 overweight/obese elderly women), aged between 18 and 75 years, participated in this study. Body weight was measured using a digital scale, and height was measured using a stadiometer with a vertical backboard. Body composition was assessed using anthropometric equations and deuterium oxide (2H2O). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student's t test, Lin's concordance coefficient, and Bland-Altman plot.Results: The mean age and body mass index were, respectively: 25.6±3.7 years and 20.9±2.2 kg/m2 for the eutrophic young women; 69.1±3.6 years and 23.8±1.8 kg/m2 for the eutrophic elderly women; and 69.6±3.0 years and 32.6±2.6 kg/m2 for the overweight/obese elderly women. The best concordance coefficients between the anthropometric equations and deuterium oxide for body fat were: eutrophic young women, Deuterium versus Sloan - 0.70; eutrophic elderly women, Deuterium versus Jackson - 0.89; and overweight/obese elderly women, Deuterium versus Deurenberg - 0.77.Conclusion: The equations that showed the best concordance with deuterium oxide were: Sloan for eutrophic young women; Jackson and Durnin & Wormersley for eutrophic elderly women; and Deurenberg, and Visser for overweight/obese elderly women.

Overestimated crash risks of young and elderly drivers.

BACKGROUND: Young and elderly drivers are reported to have markedly greater crash rates than drivers of other ages, but they travel less frequently and represent a minority of road users. Consequently, many crashes involving young or elderly drivers also involve drivers of middle age ranges who travel more frequently. PURPOSE: To examine crash rates of young and elderly drivers, controlling for ages of all drivers involved in collisions. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal study conducted on population-wide two-vehicle crashes reported in Great Britain from 2002 through 2010 for driver age ranges (17-20, 21-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥70 years) and individual driver ages among those aged 17-20 years. Annual trips made, recorded as part of a National Travel Survey, were used to estimate trip-based driver crash rates. RESULTS: Crash rates of drivers aged 17-20 years were not significantly different from crash rates of drivers aged 21-29 years (rate ratio=1.14; 95% CI=0.96, 1.33) when controlling for ages of both drivers involved in two-car collisions, and drivers aged 17 years had the lowest crash rate among drivers aged 17-20 years. Crash rates of drivers aged ≥70 years equaled crash rates of drivers aged 60-69 years (rate ratio=1.00; 95% CI=0.77, 1.32) and were 1.40 times (95% CI=1.10, 1.78) lower than crash rates of drivers aged 50-59 years. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings are in contrast with reports of high crash risks among young and elderly drivers, and suggest that previous reports may have overestimated the crash risks of these drivers by failing to control for ages of all drivers involved in collisions.

Psychosocial outcomes of young adults born very low birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the early adult health, education, and social functioning of a national cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants born in 1986 in New Zealand compared with a control group of young adults born the same year. The impact of neurodevelopmental disability at age 7 to 8 years on young adult outcomes was examined. METHODS: Participants underwent a comprehensive face-to-face interview that included standardized assessment tools and previously used custom written survey items. RESULTS: We interviewed 230 VLBW young adults (71% of survivors) and 69 controls at age 22 to 23 years. VLBW young adults were 5.6 kg lighter and 4.2 cm shorter than controls, had lower rates of tertiary education/training (percentage difference [95% confidence interval]: -13.1 [-21.6 to -1.8]) and university degree completion (-15.6 [-28.0 to -4.8]), had more often been welfare dependent (23.5 [10.2 to 35.0]), had few or no friends (20.5 [7.2 to 32.2]), and more often had wheeze in the past year (20.1 [9.0 to 28.6]). However, in many areas there were no differences between the VLBW cohort and controls, and VLBW adults rated their overall quality of life and behavioral functioning similarly to their peers. Those with previous disability had poorer social, occupational, and physical functioning than other VLBW young adults. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some evidence of health, educational, and social difficulties, former VLBW young adults obtained similar scores across many aspects of health and social functioning as their same age peers, with some differences largely confined to those with previous disability.

Young, uninsured, and in debt: why young adults lack health insurance and how the Affordable Care Act is helping: findings from the Commonwealth Fund Health Insurance Tracking Survey of Young Adults, 2011.

The Commonwealth Fund Health Insurance Tracking Survey of Young Adults finds that between November 2010 and November 2011, an estimated 13.7 million young adults ages 19-25 stayed on or joined their parents' health plans, including 6.6 million who likely would not have been able to do so prior to the passage of the Affordable Care Act. The findings of the survey underscore the need for policymakers to implement the remaining coverage expansions in the law. Nearly two of five young adults ages 19-29 were without health insurance for all or part of 2011, with young adults in low- and moderate-income households the most at risk. The lack of insurance had significant health and financial implications for young adults: 60 percent said they did not get needed health care because of cost and half reported problems paying medical bills or said they were paying off medical debt over time.

Estrategias de las tabaqueras para captar fumadores jóvenes en España: una revisión de los documentos internos / Tobacco industry strategies to attract young smokers in Spain: a review of companies’ internal documents

Fundamento: Las estrategias de las compañías tabaqueras para promocionar el tabaquismo y bloquear las políticas de control son un factor clave en el consumo de tabaco entre jóvenes. La documentos internos pueden ayudar a identificar estas estrategias, conseguir apoyo social para las políticas de control y planificar actuaciones de salud pública en España. Este estudio identificó y analizó documentos relacionados con las actividades que las tabaqueras realizaron durante los años 80 y 90 para mantener y aumentar el tabaquismo entre los jóvenes españoles. Métodos: Búsqueda electrónica por palabra clave de documentos internos de las compañías tabaqueras en la base de datos digital Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. Resultados: Se identificaron y revisaron más de 1.000 documentos internos, como cartas, mensajes, memorandos y otros documentos. En este análisis se incluyen 17 documentos directamente relacionados con el propósito del estudio. Conclusiones: Las tabaqueras financiaron y ejecutaron actividades de investigación, diseño, propaganda y manipulación política y social con el objetivo de mantener una alta incidencia y prevalencia de fumadores jóvenes en España. Estas actividades pueden haber influido en las actuales cifras de tabaquismo (AU)

Background: Tobacco companies’ strategies to promote tobacco use and undermine tobacco control policy are key in tobacco use among young people. The analysis of tobacco companies’ internal documents can be instrumental in identifying those strategies, improving social support for tobacco control policy, and planning public health interventions. The goal of this study was to identify and analyze internal documents related to the activities of tobacco companies during the 1980s and 90s aimed at promoting smoking in young Spaniards. Methods: Electronic search by key word of tobacco industry documents held at the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. Results: More than 1,000 documents were identified and reviewed, including letters, messages, memos, and other documents. Seventeen documents related to the objective of the study are analyzed and discussed. Conclusions: Tobacco companies funded and conducted activities aimed at maintaining high smoking incidence and prevalence in Spain. These activities, which included research, cigarette and packaging design, promotion, and social and political manipulation, may have had an impact on current levels of tobacco use in Spain (AU)

Influência do peso e comprimento ao nascer na determinação do estado nutricional de adultos jovens do sexo masculino / Influence of weight and birth length on determining the nutritional statusof young male adults

Considering the increase in obesity worldwide and the need for studying its determinants, this study aimed to investigate the possible influence of weight and birth length in determining the nutritional status of young male adults in Viçosa-MG. One hundred individuals were evaluated in two stages of life: birth and adult age. From the records of the military recruitment database in the city, information on birth weight (BW) and birth length (BL) was searched at the maternity ward and the adult individuals were identified.The values of BMI, waist and hip circumferences, body fat calculated from BMI, fat-free body mass index and waist / hip ratio were measured in theadults. The percentage of body fat was obtained by bioelectrical impedance. Biceps skinfold (BSF), triceps skinfold (TSF), subscapular skinfold (SSSF) and suprailiac (SISF) were measured for determination of central fat (SSSF + SISF) and peripheral fat (BSF + TSF). Blood samples were collected for lipid profile analysis. Blood pressure was measured by an automatic equipment. Statistical analysis was performed using Sigma Stat 2.0 software, p <0.05. A Pearson or Spearman correlation test was used, according to the variable distribution. Means were compared by using a Student t testand ANOVA (parametric variables) or Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallistest (nonparametric variables). The results obtained showed that 9% of the adults were obese and 39% presented increased body fat. Reduced HDL (62%) was the most frequent biochemical alteration. It was observed that individuals with BMI> 25kg/m2 and increased blood pressure had average BL values higher than the other individuals. The results suggest that BL may reflect the nutritional status in the future and thus should be considered in further studies.

Considerando el elevado aumento de la obesidad en el mundo y la necesidad de investigar sus determinantes, este estudio tuvo por objetivo averiguar una posible influencia de la talla y el peso al nacer con el estado nutricional de jóvenes adultos del sexo masculino del municipio de Viçosa-Minas Gerais - Brasil. Fueron evaluados cien individuos en dos etapas de la vida: al nacimiento y en la edad adulta. De los registros de reclutamiento militar del municipio y de los nacimientos en la maternidad local se levantaron informaciones sobre el peso (PN) y la talla (NC) al nacer y se identificaron los individuos adultos. En la fase adulta, se determinaron el índicede masa corporal (IMC), las circunferencias de cintura y cadera, el IMC libre de grasa y la relación cintura/cadera. El porcentaje de grasa corporal se obtuvo por medio de la bioimpedancia eléctrica. Se determinaron los pliegues cutáneos del bíceps (PCB), tríceps (PCT), subescapular (SST) y suprailíaco (PCSI) para la determinación de la grasa central (TSM + PCSI) y periférica (PCB + PCT). Se cogieron muestras de sangrepara análisis del perfil de lípidos. La presión arterial se midió con un sistema automático. Para el análisis estadístico (p <0,05; Sigma Stat2.0,) fue utilizado test de correlación de Pearsono Spearman, respectivamente, para las variables con y sin distribución normal; ANOVA y test t deStudent (en caso de variables paramétricas) o Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis (para variablesno paramétricas) fueron empleados para comparación de las medias. En la muestra evaluada, 9% de los individuos eran obesos y 39% fueron clasificados como portadores de grasa corporal aumentada. La alteración bioquímica más frecuente (62%) fue la reducción de HDL. Se observó que los individuos con IMC> 25kg/m2 y con presión arterial elevada presentan media de NC superior a los demás. Los resultados sugieren que el NC puede relacionar se al futuro estado nutricional del individuo adulto y por tanto debeser considerado en futuros estudios.

Considerando o aumento da obesidade em todo o mundo e a necessidade de se estudar seus determinantes, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a possível influência do peso e comprimento ao nascer na determinação do estado nutricional de adultos jovens do sexo masculino do município de Viçosa-MG. Foram avaliados cem indivíduos, em duas fases da vida: ao nascer e na vida adulta. A partir dos registros do banco de dados de alistamento militar do município, buscaram-se, na maternidade, informações sobre peso (PN) e comprimento ao nascer (CN) e identificaram-se os indivíduos, quando adultos. Na vida adulta, avaliaram-se IMC, circunferência da cintura e quadril, IMC de gordura, IMC livre de gordura e relação cintura/quadril. O percentual de gordura corporal foi obtido por bioimpedância elétrica. Aferiram-se pregas cutâneas biciptal (PCB), triciptal (PCT), subescapular (PCSE) e suprailíaca (PCSI) para determinação de gordura central (PCSE + PCSI) e periférica (PCB + PCT). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para análise do perfil lipídico. A pressão arterial foi aferida por aparelho automático. A análise estatística foi realizada no software Sigma Stat 2.0, p < 0,05. Utilizou-se teste de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, segundo distribuição das variáveis. O test t'Student e Anova (variáveis paramétricas) ou Mann Whitneye Kruskal Wallis (variáveis não paramétricas) foram utilizados para comparação de médias. Obteve-se, 9% de obesidade e 39% de gordura corporal aumentada. A alteração bioquímica mais frequente foi o HDL reduzido (62%).Observou-se que indivíduos com IMC > 25kg/m2 e com pressão arterial aumentada apresentaram médias de CN superior aos demais. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o CN pode refletir no estado nutricional futuro e, desta forma, deve ser considerado em estudos posteriores.

Exploración inicial de los valores de tensión arterial y factores de riesgo asociados a hipertensión arterial en estudiantes de la Universidad de Manizales, Colombia en el 2009 / Measurement of blood pressure and risk factors associated with high blood pressure in the students of la Universidad de Manizales, Colombia, in 2009

Introducción. La hipertensión arterial se define como un aumento en la presión arterial, con elevaciones sobre las presiones arteriales sistólica y diastólica. El presente estudio se plantea para determinar las cifras de presión arterial y frecuencia de algunos factores de riesgo en estudiantes de la Universidad de Manizales. Materiales y Métodos. De los 2916 estudiantes de horario diurno de la Universidad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia) para el primer semestre de 2009 fueron seleccionados 258 estudiantes, con el objetivo de participar en el estudio, tenían edades comprendidas entre 16 y 41 años, con un promedio de 20 años. Se empleó un instrumento previamente diseñado para recoger información sobre factores de riesgo para hipertensión arterial y datos como tensión arterial, altura, peso, estrato social y otros. Resultados. Se encontró que 45,7% de los estudiantes tenían cifras tensionales en rango de prehipertensión y 5% en rango de hipertensión estadio I. Se encontró un índice de 27,1% de obesidad abdominal y un 18,6% de sobrepeso. Los resultados no mostraron significancia estadística con relación a los factores de riesgo para hipertensión arterial. Se encontró una relación importante entre la facultad y los niveles de tensión arterial. Conclusiones. Este estudio encuentra que la población está expuesta a uno o varios factores de riesgo tales como consumo de alcohol, tabaquismo, falta de actividad física y cifras tensiónales en niveles de prehipertensión e hipertensión grado 1; surge la necesidad de implantar programas educativos encaminados a la modificación de hábitos no saludables.

Introduction: High blood pressure is defined as an increase in blood pressure, with elevations on systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The purpose of the present study was to determine the blood pressure values and the present of some risk factors for hypertension in the student population of the Universidad de Manizales. Materials and Methods: Of the 2916 daytime students at the University of Manizales (Caldas, Colombia) in the first semester of 2009, 258 students were chosen to participate. The age range was between 16 and 41 years with an average of 20 years. A previously designed survey was used in order to collect information about risk factors for high blood pressure, and data such as blood pressure, height, weight, social stratum and other risk factors. Results: A frequency of 45.7% of blood pressure at the level of pre-hypertension was found, and 5% of at the level of type 1 HBP, this didn’t mean that these students actually suffered of HBP. Abdominal obesity was found in 27.1% and overweight in 18.6%. The results didn’t show statistic significance in relation to the risk factors of HBP. A significant relation was determined between the faculty and the levels of blood pressure. Conclusions: By stating that this population is exposed to one or more risk factors such as alcohol consumption, tabaquism, physical inactivity, and levels of pre-hypertension and hypertension grade 1; arises the necessity of promoting educational programs aimed at changing unhealthy habits, and possibly establish a program of prevention and health promotion in order to improve academic performance, and improve the life expectancy of students.

Young adults and the Affordable Care Act of 2010.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes several provisions that promise to stem the rapidly rising tide of uninsured young adults, one of the largest uninsured segments of the population. These include the ability to enroll in a parent's health plan up to age 26, beginning in September 2010; significant expansion in eligibility for Medicaid, beginning in 2014; and the creation of health insurance exchanges with subsidized private insurance for people with low and moderate incomes, also beginning in 2014. Of the 14.8 million uninsured young adults, up to 12.1 million may gain subsidized insurance once all the law's provisions go into effect in 2014: 7.2 million may gain coverage under Medicaid and 4.9 million may gain subsidized private coverage through the insurance exchanges. In addition, about 1 million uninsured young adults are expected to join their parents' policies over the next three years.

AIDS awareness and attitudes among Yemeni young people living in high-risk areas.

Despite te low rate of infection in Yemen, there are concerns about the possible spread of HIV among high-risk and vulnerable groups. A community-based study was made in 2005 of AIDS awareness and attitudes among 601 young people aged 15-24 years from low-income, high-risk neighbourhoods in Aden. Young people lacked proper information about HIV/AIDS. Although 89% had heard of AIDS, fewer (46%) could name 3 ways of transmission or 3 ways to avoid infection (28%). Misconceptions about modes of transmissions were prevalent and many young people believed that they faced little or no risk. There were intolerant attitudes towards AIDS patients. About half the young people knew that prostitution and homosexuality existed in their area.